Proper Citation for an Article by Smith and Other Art Authors Smith Et Al

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The correct way to cite a scientific journal depends on several factors. Before you begin, you volition need to settle on a citation manner and system for your article or paper. A few of the most mutual commendation styles used in the sciences are CSE, AMA, NLM, and APA. One time you have picked your citation fashion, make up one's mind how journal articles are cited in that style. In-text citations are usually formatted differently from citations in the finish reference list or bibliography.

Sample Citations

1. one

   Give in-line reference numbers for citation-name or citation-sequence. If you are using ane of these systems, the only in-text information y'all demand to provide is the location of the source within your reference list.^[1]

   • For instance: Tortoises are susceptible to a diversity of ectoparasites, including ticks and cloacal mites.[1]
   • The format of the citation number may vary depending on the preferences of your teacher or editor. Citation numbers may exist written in superscript or placed in brackets [ ] or parentheses ( ). Requirements also vary in terms of whether the number goes before or subsequently the final punctuation.

2. ii

   Provide the author'southward name and twelvemonth for name-year citations. If the works in your bibliography are not numbered, you will need to refer to the article's author and the engagement of publication in your in-text citation. This volition allow readers to find the source in your bibliography. This information goes in parentheses at the end of the sentence containing the reference, before the final punctuation. For example:

   • For example: Appropriate handling of ecto-parasitic infestations in tortoises depends on the severity of the infestation and the presence of secondary infections (Smith 2012).
   • For 2 authors, separate the surnames of both authors with the word "and": (Abernathy and Smith 2008). For 3 or more authors, provide the surname of the first author, followed by "et al.": (Abernathy et al. 1998).
   • If you cite multiple sources with the aforementioned name and date, distinguish between them by putting a lowercase letter after the date. E.chiliad., (Smith 2008a), (Smith 2008b).

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3. 3

   Order sources in your reference list according to your commendation system. The order in which your citations announced in your end reference list will depend on the CSE commendation system you are using. For example, if you lot are using a citation-name or proper noun-year organization, your sources will be ordered alphabetically by author. For a citation-sequence system, sources are listed in the order of citation.^[2]

   • For example, in a citation-name or year-proper name reference list, an article past Abernathy would be listed earlier an article by Smith, regardless of which commodity was cited first in your paper.
   • In a citation-sequence organisation, sources are listed in the reference list in the gild in which they were first referenced in your paper. So if the beginning article you lot cited is past Smith, this source would appear first in your reference listing.
   • Citations are numbered in the commendation-proper noun and citation-sequence systems, but not in the year-proper name system.

4. four

   Start your citation with the name(south) of the writer(s). Even if your sources are listed in society of citation rather than alphabetically, the author'due south proper noun comes first. Put the surname offset, followed by the first initial (e.grand., Smith Z).^[3]

   • For an article with multiple authors, list the author(s) in the society given in the original publication. For instance, "Smith Z, Robinson W, West D." Put a period later the final initial in the list, to dissever it from the source championship.
   • If the article has more than 10 authors, list the first x, followed by "et al."

5. 5

   Write the commodity'south title after the author's name. In the CSE fashion, the article championship is not italicized or placed in quotation marks, and only the start word of the championship should be capitalized (aside from proper nouns):^[4]

   • Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises.

6. six

   Put the title of the journal later the commodity title. In CSE mode, scientific journal titles are abbreviated according to ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards. The major words in the championship are abbreviated, and insignificant words (such as "of") are omitted. Periodical titles are capitalized, but not italicized in this style.^[5]

   • For example: Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. Faux J Vet Sci.
   • To find standardized abbreviations for title words, consult the International Standard Series Number database here: http://world wide web.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/

7. 7

   Follow the journal title with yr, book, outcome, and location. "Location" typically refers to page numbers, just online journals may employ another type of location identifier (such as a "location number"). For journals that release multiple bug per volume, you volition need to include the issue number likewise.^[6] In CSE style, the format is year date;volume(issue):location. The complete citation for a print commodity would look like this:^[7]

   • Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. False J Vet Sci. 2012;303(one):42-78.

8. 8

   Add extra location information for online journal articles. If the journal you lot are citing is published on the web, you volition need to specify that information technology is an online publication and provide additional data nearly the location of the article. You will as well need to indicate when you accessed or cited the article, since online information may change. A reference to an online journal article in in CSE mode would wait like this:^[8]

   • Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. False J Vet Sci [Internet]. 2012 [cited 19 Dec 2017];303(ane):42-78. Available from: fakejournalurl.org/303.01.

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1. 1

   Use superscript reference numbers for in-line citations. Assign numbers to each source in the order in which it first appears. If you cite a source more than one time, ever utilise the same number. Write the reference number in superscript and place information technology directly after the part of the sentence where y'all reference your source.^[9]

   • For example: According to Crusher, xenoviruses pose relatively little threat to human populations ^three; yet, Pulaski posits that genetic mutation could lead to the evolution of virulent strains. ^5,17
   • Put a infinite before the citation number. Citation numbers should be placed before mid-sentence punctuation (such as commas or semicolons) and later on final punctuations (such as periods).
   • If you cite more than one source at one time, dissever the citation numbers with a comma, but practice not utilize spaces between the numbers.

2. 2

   Suit your reference list numerically in club of start commendation. Each reference in your list should start with a number that matches the in-text citation number. Number the references according to their offset advent in the article, and practise not create new numbers for subsequent citations.^[10]

3. 3

   Write author names in the order listed in the source. Each author proper name should be written surname commencement, followed by the author's first ii initials (due east.thousand., Crusher BH, Pulaski One thousand). For multiple authors, divide each author's name with a comma. Do not put periods later on writer initials except for the final initial earlier the article title.^[11]

   • For manufactures with 1-6 authors, list the names of every author.
   • For articles with seven or more authors, list the beginning iii authors followed past et al. For instance, Crusher BH, Pulaski K, McCoy L, et al.

4. 4

   Follow the author proper name(due south) with the title of the commodity. Practise not italicize the title or put it in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first discussion of the title and any proper nouns.^[12] For example:

   • Crusher BH. Xenovirus infection rates in recently established Alpha Quadrant colonies.

5. 5

   Identify the abbreviated journal title subsequently the article title. In AMA fashion, periodical titles are cited using the standard abbreviations that appear in the National Library of Medicine database. Italicize and capitalize all journal titles.^[thirteen]

   • You can look up the championship abbreviations for about journals hither: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals
   • If your journal does non announced in the NLM database, construct the abbreviated title using standard abbreviations institute in the ISSN database: http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/
   • For instance: McCoy L. Shirt colour every bit a predictor of mortality. Faux J Infinite Med.

6. 6

   Finish with appointment and location information for a print journal. After writing the commodity title, add the year of publication, volume number, issue number, and page numbers for the commodity cited. If at that place is no volume or upshot data, apply the month of publication instead. Follow the format year;volume(issue):pages.^[14] For example, your full citation should look similar:

   • McCoy Fifty. Shirt color equally a predictor of mortality. Faux J Infinite Med. 2018;20(4):345-578.

7. seven

   Provide additional data for online journal articles. If the commodity you are citing is from an electronic journal, yous will need to add further information nearly the article'south location and your date of access. Cite the article equally yous normally would, followed past the URL and the month, day and year when you terminal viewed the article.^[fifteen]

   • For case: McCoy L. Shirt color equally a predictor of mortality. Faux J Infinite Med. 2018;20(4):345-578. Fakejournalurl.com/20_4. Accessed May 10, 2018.

8. 8

   Use a DOI for online articles with no book or page data. If the journal does not have page numbers or book information, provide a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead.^[16] The DOI is unremarkably written somewhere on the first page of the article, and appears in the format x.xxxxx.

   • You don't need to provide a URL or engagement of access if you have a DOI.
   • If yous tin't observe the DOI, request it here: http://world wide web.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/
   • For example: Crusher BH. Xenovirus infection rates in recently established Blastoff Quadrant colonies. J Fict Future Med. 2017. doi:10.xxxxx.

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1. i

   Use endnote numbers for in-line citation-name or citation-sequence citations. The NLM system uses citation-name, commendation-sequence, and name-year systems. If you lot are using a citation-name or citation-sequence system, identify a number in superscript at the end of the sentence containing the reference, before the final punctuation.^[17]

   • For instance: Before the development of germ theory, the causes of typhoid were poorly understoodⁱ.

2. ii

   Give the writer name and yr for in-line name-year citations. Name-twelvemonth or writer-twelvemonth citations in NLM consist of the writer's surname and the year of publication in parentheses. If you utilise this organization, the reference list at the end of your newspaper volition be ordered alphabetically by author name, and the sources volition not exist numbered.^[18]

   • For a unmarried writer: (Jeeves 2016).
   • For ii authors: (Jeeves and Wooster 2012).
   • For more than 2 authors: (Jeeves et al. 2015).

3. three

   Order your reference list according to your citation organization. If you use the name-yr system or the citation-name system, your reference listing will exist in alphabetical society by the surname of the first listed author for each source. If you employ the commendation-sequence organization, references will announced in the reference list in the order in which they were cited in the paper.^[19]

4. 4

   Start your reference list commendation with the name(s) of the author(southward). Write the surname of each writer, followed by their initials. Include no more 2 initials, even if the author has several. Initials should not be followed by periods, except for the terminal initial in the listing. For multiple authors, list the authors in the order in which they are credited in your source. Split up each name with a comma.^[xx]

   • For example: "Jeeves R, Wooster BW, Travers D."
   • Listing every author, even if at that place are more than 10.

5. v

   Follow the author proper name(s) with the article title. Aside from proper nouns, just the first word of the commodity championship should exist capitalized. Do not italicize the title or put it in quotation marks.^[21] For case:

   • Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London.

6. 6

   Identify the periodical title afterward the article title. Capitalize the periodical title, merely do not italicize it. Words in the journal title should be abbreviated according to the guidelines in the NLM Catalog of Journals: https://world wide web.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals. Leave out any insignificant words, such as "of."^[22]

   • For example: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol.

7. 7

   Put engagement and location information after the journal title. NLM journal citations include the month and year of publication, the journal book and issue numbers, and page or location numbers. The format is: year month;volume(issue):pages.^[23]

   • For instance, a complete citation for a print article would look like this: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol. 2016 February;37(2):273-95.

8. 8

   Include additional information for online journal articles. If the article you are citing is from an online periodical, yous volition need to note the medium and location of the article. Write [Internet] after the periodical championship. After the page or location numbers, write "Bachelor from:" followed by the article URL.

   • For case: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol [Internet]. 2016 Feb;37(2):273-95. Available from: fakejournalurl.org/37-2.

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1. i

   Put writer name(s) and publication yr in in-text citations. The APA style uses parenthetical in-line citations. These include the writer's surname and the yr of publication, separated by a comma. Identify the citation in parentheses earlier the final punctuation of the sentence containing the commendation. For manufactures with multiple authors, the format will vary depending on the number of authors:^[24]

   • For a single author: (Glossop 2011).
   • For 2 authors: (Glossop & Bassett 2015).
   • For iii-5 authors: List all authors for the first citation, e.g., (Glossop, Basset & Spode 2013). For subsequent citations, use the first writer'southward proper name followed by et al. East.g., (Glossop et al. 2013).
   • For half-dozen or more authors: Listing the first author's name, followed past et al. For instance: (Glossop et al. 2006).

2. 2

   List your references in alphabetical order in the reference listing. Arrange the references alphabetically past the surname of the first author listed for each article.^[25] Practice not number your references.^[26]

3. iii

   Beginning the reference list commendation with the proper name(southward) of the author(s). Each author should be listed past their surname, followed by their initials. The initials should exist separated from the author surname by a comma, and followed by a catamenia. The format will vary depending on the number of authors. For case:^[27]

   • For a unmarried writer: "Glossop, R."
   • For 2 authors: "Glossop, R., & Wooster, B. Due west."
   • For 3-7 authors: "Glossop, R., Basset, W., & Spode, R."
   • For more than 7 authors, use ellipsis (. . .) in place of names listed later the 6th author, so write the name of the concluding author in the list. East.thou., "Glossop, R., Basset, Westward., Spode, R., Wooster, B. W., Travers, D., Byng, Southward., . . . Haddock, E."

4. 4

   Add the publication year after the author proper name(s). The year of publication is placed in parentheses, separated from the author name(due south) by a period. Put another menstruum after the engagement. Due east.one thousand., "Glossop, R. (2012)."^[28]

5. 5

   Write the article title after the date. Except for the offset word of the title and whatever proper nouns, the title should not be capitalized. Do not put the championship in quotes or italics.^[29]

   • For example: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual.

6. 6

   Add together the title of the journal and location information. In APA style, the periodical championship, book number, and page range are all written together, separated by commas. The journal championship is capitalized and italicized, and the volume number is too italicized. If the journal has separate problems, put the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.^[30]

   • For example, your complete citation might await similar this: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual. Fake Periodical of Former-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(3), 852-897.

7. 7

   Provide additional location information for online periodical articles. If your article is from an online periodical, you will demand to include either the article URL or the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). If the commodity has a DOI, place that later on the page numbers. If there is no DOI, write "Retrieved from [Journal URL] subsequently the folio numbers.^[31]

   • With a DOI: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the private. Imitation Journal of Old-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(3), 852-897. DOI:10.xxxxx.
   • With a URL: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual. Fake Periodical of Old-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(iii), 852-897. Retrieved from fakejournalurl.org/25-three.
   • DOI numbers always start with the number x, followed by a period and 5 other digits (10.xxxxx). The DOI is unremarkably printed somewhere on the first folio of the article.^[32] You can also get assist finding a DOI for an online article here: http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/

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1. 1

   Check for any citation requirements. If you are writing a paper for a form or an article for publication in a book or journal, your professor or publisher may have citation fashion requirements. For example, if you are writing a paper for a biology grade, your professor may specify on the syllabus or assignment canvas that you demand to cite your sources in CSE (Council of Science Editors) style.^[33]

   • When in doubt, enquire your professor or publisher what citation way to use.

2. 2

   Select your style based on the topic, if at that place are no requirements. Some scientific disciplines use specialized citation styles. If you don't have an assigned commendation way, pick ane of the styles most commonly associated with the subject you are writing about. Discipline-specific commendation styles in the sciences include:^[34]

   • Full general sciences: CSE (Quango of Science Editors)
   • Psychology and social sciences: APA (American Psychological Clan)
   • Medical sciences: AMA (American Medical Association), NLM (National Library of Medicine)
   • Biology: CBE (Quango of Biological science Editors)
   • Chemistry: ACS (American Chemical Society)
   • Mathematics: AMS (American Mathematical Society)
   • Physics: AIP (American Plant of Physics)

3. three

   Consult a style guide to find out how to cite journal manufactures. In one case you have figured out which citation way you are using in your newspaper or article, look upwardly the correct format for citing a periodical commodity. Periodical articles are cited differently from other types of sources, such as books or edited volume capacity. An commodity from an online journal may as well require a different commendation format from a print journal article.

   • The basics of most commendation styles are readily available online. For instance, try doing a web search for "cite a periodical article in AIP style."
   • You can as well find mode guides for many commendation styles in libraries and bookstores. If yous are having trouble finding a guide for a specialized citation style, consider ordering it through interlibrary loan.

4. iv

   Determine which citation organization you are using. Many science citation styles allow you lot to use 1 of three systems: commendation-sequence, commendation-name, or name-yr. Talk to your instructor or publisher to find out which organisation to use inside your chosen style. The system y'all cull will determine the style citations appear in your text, and the lodge in which your sources appear in your reference list.^[35]

   • In the citation-sequence arrangement, sources are cited in-text with a number, either in superscript (ⁱ) or in parentheses (ane) or brackets [1]. Each number refers to a source in your reference list at the stop of the paper. The works in the reference list are numbered and presented in order of citation.
   • The citation-name system works the aforementioned way every bit the citation-sequence organization, except that the sources in the reference listing are presented in alphabetical order by author. Therefore, note 12 (referring to an commodity by Smith) might appear in your text before annotation i (referring to an article by Abernathy).
   • In the name-year system, sources are cited in-text with a reference to the author's name and the yr of publication (e.thou., "Smith 2012"). The sources in the reference listing are non numbered, and are presented in alphabetical order past author.

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